Colossal Magnetoresistance Materials and Their Applications

Abstract

Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is a remarkable phenomenon observed in certain magnetic materials where electrical resistance changes dramatically in response to an applied magnetic field. This effect is primarily found in manganese-based perovskite oxides known as manganites. The strong coupling among electron spin, charge, and lattice structure in these materials leads to extremely large changes in resistivity compared with conventional magnetoresistive materials. CMR materials have attracted significant attention due to their potential applications in magnetic sensors, data storage systems, spintronic devices, and advanced electronic components. This article reviews the fundamental principles of CMR materials, the physical mechanisms underlying the phenomenon, major material systems, and their technological applications. Current challenges and future prospects for integrating CMR materials into next-generation electronic technologies are also discussed.